Newborn

Register      Login

VOLUME 4 , ISSUE 1 ( January-March, 2025 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Using Weight Z-score Differences between Birth and Discharge to Compare and Monitor Nutritional Outcomes in Neonatal Units: Variables Associated with Poor Growth

Angela B Hoyos, Ariel Salas, Horacio Osiovich, Carlos A Fajardo, Martha Baez, Luis Monterrosa, Carolina Villegas-Alvarez, Fernando Aguinaga, Maria I Martinini

Keywords : Difference between birth and discharge (Δ Z-score), EpicLatino neonatal database, Extrauterine growth restriction, Head circumference at discharge, Latin America, Newborns, Risk factors for poor growth

Citation Information : Hoyos AB, Salas A, Osiovich H, Fajardo CA, Baez M, Monterrosa L, Villegas-Alvarez C, Aguinaga F, Martinini MI. Using Weight Z-score Differences between Birth and Discharge to Compare and Monitor Nutritional Outcomes in Neonatal Units: Variables Associated with Poor Growth. 2025; 4 (1):1-5.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0117

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 25-03-2025

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2025; The Author(s).


Abstract

Introduction: There is a need for clear guidelines to support adequate nutrition and growth for premature neonates. Unfortunately, we do not have a consensus on the ideal parameters and timing for assessment of growth in these infants. Even though optimal postnatal growth should ideally replicate intrauterine rates, after the initial physiological normal drop, many premature infants follow gains below intrauterine rates. This extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) can be quantified as lower weight Z-score medians at discharge than those at birth, indicated by a negative difference between birth and discharge (Δ Z-score) below 1 SD. We hypothesized that improved nutrition could reduce the incidence of EUGR in convalescing premature infants. Materials and methods: We reviewed the clinical information from all EpicLatino units in the past 8 years (2015–2022); all infants who were born at ≤32 weeks’ gestational age (GA) and discharged home at ≥34 weeks’ corrected age were included. Statistical comparisons were performed to analyze growth parameters and potential causes of poor nutrition. The weight Δ Z-score from birth to discharge was used as a surrogate for adequacy of nutrition. Birth weight medians and interquartile ranges were correlated with weight Δ Z-score, GA, and head circumference (HC) at discharge. Results: We reviewed 480 cases that met the established criteria. Gestational age at birth, necrotizing enterocolitis, unit of origin, rupture of membranes >24 hours, temperature at admission, and intraventricular hemorrhage were significantly different. There was a negative correlation between the Δ Z-score and corrected GA at discharge. Head circumference at discharge also correlated with weight Δ Z-score. Conclusion: The frequency of EUGR varied between units. There were some clinical associations, but our sample size was not large enough to establish causality. The risk of EUGR may increase with severity of illness or could be higher in some specific populations. Quality improvement programs to optimize nutrition policies and practices may help.


PDF Share
  1. Fenton T. Z Score calculation using 2013 growth chart. Available from: https://www.ucalgary.ca/fenton/2013chart. Calgary, Canada: Calgary University; 2013.
  2. EpicLatino. EpicLatino Network Database. 2024. Available from: https://epiclatino.co/reportes/.
  3. Rutledge A, Murphy HJ, Harer MW, et al. Fluid balance in the critically ill child section: “How bad is fluid in neonates?”. Front Pediatr 2021;9:651458. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.651458.
  4. Segar JL. A physiological approach to fluid and electrolyte management of the preterm infant: Review. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2020;13(1):11–19. DOI: 10.3233/NPM-190309.
  5. Selewski DT, Gist KM, Nathan AT, et al. The impact of fluid balance on outcomes in premature neonates: A report from the AWAKEN study group. Pediatr Res 2020;87(3):550–557. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0579-1.
  6. González-López C, Solís-Sánchez G, Lareu-Vidal S, et al. Variability in definitions and criteria of extrauterine growth restriction and its association with neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants: A narrative review. Nutrients 2024;16(7):968. DOI: 10.3390/nu16070968.
  7. Salas AA, Gunawan E, Nguyen K, et al. Early human milk fortification in infants born extremely preterm: A randomized trial. Pediatrics 2023;152(3):e2023061603. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-061603.
  8. Starc M, Giangreco M, Centomo G, et al. Extrauterine growth restriction in very low birth weight infants according to different growth charts: A retrospective 10 years observational study. PLoS One 2023;18(4):e0283367. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283367.
  9. Bracken JM, Pappas L, Wilkins J, et al. Measuring growth in critically ill neonates and children. Nutr Clin Pract. Oct 2023;38 Suppl 2:S28–S38. DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11057.
  10. Goldberg DL, Becker PJ, Brigham K, et al. Identifying malnutrition in preterm and neonatal populations: Recommended indicators. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018;118(9):1571–1582. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.10.006.
  11. Lin Z, Green RS, Chen S, et al. Quantification of EUGR as a measure of the quality of nutritional care of premature infants. PLoS One 2015;10(7):e0132584. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132584.
  12. Selvanathan T, Guo T, Kwan E, et al. Head circumference, total cerebral volume and neurodevelopment in preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2022;107(2):181–187. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-321397.
  13. Tan MJ, Cooke RW. Improving head growth in very preterm infants–A randomised controlled trial I: Neonatal outcomes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008;93(5):F337–F341. DOI: 10.1136/adc.2007.124230.
  14. Belfort MB, Rifas-Shiman SL, Sullivan T, et al. Infant growth before and after term: Effects on neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2011;128(4):e899–e906. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-0282.
  15. Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, et al. Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2006;117(4):1253–1261. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-1368.
  16. Neubauer V, Griesmaier E, Pehböck-Walser N, et al. Poor postnatal head growth in very preterm infants is associated with impaired neurodevelopment outcome. Acta Paediatr 2013;102(9):883–888. DOI: 10.1111/apa.12319.
  17. Power VA, Spittle AJ, Lee KJ, et al. Nutrition, growth, brain volume, and neurodevelopment in very preterm children. J Pediatr 2019;215:50–55.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.08.031.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.