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VOLUME 3 , ISSUE 1 ( January-March, 2024 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Holoprosencephaly

Akhil Maheshwari, Thierry AGM Huisman

Keywords : 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, Alobar, Ambiguous genitalia, Anophthalmia, Arhinencephaly, Asegmentation, pseudotrisomy 13, genoa syndrome (semilobal hpe), and brachial amelia, Azygos anterior cerebral artery, Butterfly sign, Caudal dysgenesis, Cavum septi pellucidi, Ccr4-not transcription complex, Cell adhesion associated, Cell adhesion molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes, Cerebellar hypoplasia, Chiari I malformation, Chromosomal errors, Circle of Willis, Cleft lip, Cripto, Culler–Jones syndrome, de Morsier syndrome, Delta-like canonical notch ligand 1, Demyer, Dispatched RND transporter family member, Dispatched RND transporter family member 1, EGF-CFC family member, Fibroblast growth factor 8, Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), Forebrain, Forkhead BOX H1 FOXH1, Forkhead box protein h1, Frenulum, Frontonasal dysplasia, GLI family zinc finger 2, Growth arrest specific 1, Growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1), Hartsfield syn

Citation Information : Maheshwari A, Huisman TA. Holoprosencephaly. 2024; 3 (1):45-60.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0083

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 26-03-2024

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).


Abstract

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a complex malformation of the forebrain resulting from failed or incomplete division of the forebrain during the embryonic period. It is the most frequently seen developmental abnormality of the forebrain in humans; the incidence is nearly 1 of every 250 human embryos. However, most of these embryos do not survive and are lost to miscarriage. At birth, the prevalence is 1 in 8,000–10,000 live births and stillbirths. In HPE, the cleavage of the forebrain (prosencephalon) into the right and left hemispheres, deep brain structures, and the olfactory and optic bulbs and tracts remains incomplete. These central nervous system (CNS) defects develop during the first few 2–3 weeks of the fetal period. The etiopathogenesis is unclear, although both syndromic and isolated HPE can be heritable. The condition involves multiple systems, including the central nervous system, eyes, hearing, olfactory, gastrointestinal system, and genital tracts can be most severely affected. No specific treatment is known. Careful clinical and genetic evaluation is necessary for symptomatic management and for counseling families. In this article, we present our own clinical and imaging experience and combine it with an extensive search in the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus. To avoid bias, keywords were identified from discussions in our own group and from PubMed's Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) thesaurus.

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